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Cell-cycle analysis is a method in cell biology that employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells in different phases of the cell cycle. Before analysis, the cells are permeabilised and treated with a fluorescent dye that stains DNA quantitatively, usually propidium iodide (PI). The fluorescence intensity of the stained cells at certain wavelengths will therefore correlate with the amount of DNA they contain. As the DNA content of cells duplicates during the S phase of the cell cycle, the relative amount of cells in the G0 phase and G1 phase (before S phase), in the S phase, and in the G2 phase and M phase (after S phase) can be determined, as the fluorescence of cells in the G2/M phase will be twice as high as that of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Cell-cycle anomalies can be symptoms for various kinds of cell damage, for example DNA damage, which cause the cell to interrupt the cell cycle at certain checkpoints to prevent transformation into a cancer cell (carcinogenesis). Other possible reasons for anomalies include lack of nutrients, for example after serum deprivation. Cell cycle analysis was first described in 1969 at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory by a group from the University of California,〔 〕 using the Feulgen staining technique. The first protocol for cell-cycle analysis using propidium iodide staining was presented in 1975 by Awtar Krishan from Harvard Medical School〔 〕 and is still widely cited today. ==Experimental procedure== The first step in preparing cells for cell-cycle analysis is permeabilisation of the cells' plasma membranes. This is usually done by incubating them in a buffer solution containing a detergent〔 〕 such as Triton X-100 or NP-40, or by fixating them in ethanol. Most fluorescent DNA dyes are not membrane permeable, that is, unable to pass through an intact cell membrane. Permeabilisation is therefore crucial for the success of the next step, the staining of the cells. Prior to or during the staining step, the cells will usually be treated with RNase A to remove RNAs from the cells. This is important because dyes that stain DNA will also stain RNA, thus creating artefacts that would distort the results. Aside from propidium iodide, quantifiable dyes that are frequently used include (but are not limited to) DRAQ5, 7-Aminoactinomycin D, DAPI and Hoechst 33342. When the cells pass through the flow cytometer's laser, a fluorescence pulse is generated that correlates with the amount of dye associated with the DNA and thus with the total amount of DNA in the cell. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cell-cycle analysis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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